This chapter pulls together a wide variety of "hard to find" information and reference material, whose usefulness is enhanced by having it between the covers of one book. Essentially, these are appendices whose title speaks for itself.
In the context of self injury and suicidal death many otherwise competent health professionals manifest great fear; far more dread than is justified by the actual danger. These fears take the form of lawsuit, malpractice allegations, career damage, or peer review deficits. The following list is provided to identify the objective criteria for when a health professional can be charged with malpractice in treatment of high risk or acutely self injurious people. It should be noted that the courts have evolved in their rulings. They expect only reasonable care. The death or injury of a client by suicidal methods does not of itself document negligence.
IN ORDER TO WIN A NEGLIGENCE SUIT, THE ATTORNEY FOR THE PLAINTIFF (survivors of the victim) MUST PROVE FOUR THINGS:
IF ANY OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS CANNOT BE PROVED THE PLAINTIFF LOSES THE SUIT.
NEGLIGENCE: Doing or failing to do something which a reasonable person using ordinary considerations of everyday life.
THE REASONABLY PRUDENT PROFESSIONAL: a fictitious person created by the law who thinks speaks and acts in accordance with the dictates of correct professional conduct.
MALPRACTICE: a particular kind of negligence usually professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill or knowledge in performance of professional duties. This can include illegal or immoral conduct.
STANDARDS: The criteria for reasonable are the prevailing local standards of care. In the context of suicide a recent survey of members of the American Association of Suicidology (Berman & Sandler-Cohen, 1982) documents that these standards are minimal and in need of revision. However current standards provide wide margin for practice. Good practices are described in more detail elsewhere in this workbook. Some procedures are problematic. These are premature discharge from a hospital, staff communication discrepancies, failure to deal with family requests, pattern of over prescription, insufficient health consultations, paradoxically intended remarks which can be taken by the victim as encouragement for self injury.
Initial and continuing staff evaluation of high risk, and lethality with appropriate response to these findings must be made and documented.
Previous history of self injury behavior, verbalizations, and concerns by significant others must be elicited and considered in making current treatment plans. These too must be documented.
Measures taken based on professional evaluations must be reasonable and appropriate in the treatment context, and efforts to follow them apparent in the documentations available.
Efforts to communicate with family or significant others should be apparent in the health records, family recall, or team reviews.
The current status of prediction does not allow for the identification of clinical victims during the course of care. Good care can not assure survival, but can reduce self injury behavior. To accomplish this the health professional and the health center in which care is given can proceed best by providing a systematic review of all known aspects of the client's behavior with emphasis on past history of self injury, current social needs, psychological vulnerabilities, current intentions towards death and self injury, preferred methods or planning (past, present and future) and degree of cooperation with prevention plan. The previous statements assumes appropriate medical care and the development of social supports.
The complexity of the professional burden implied by the preceding paragraph requires the coordination of a health team, family and community resources for periods that may require years rather than weeks. Any new resources or technical support is to be welcomed and incorporated quickly. A specific example is the use of computer processing of information and crisis information or networking.
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None of the items listed are by themselves an indication of a wish to die. They merely document a concern or interest which can be quite positive in its own right as in the process of Coming to Terms with Death (Cutter, 1978). However, in a health setting where the client has a background of high risk for renewed self injury, these preoccupations become an early warning which should be followed by health care evaluations and appropriate interventions if such is indicated.
Wills as formal documents
Giving or selling more personal possessions
Arranging for insurance; life, accident, mortgage, income protection.
Planning for survivors usually financial but also for living arrangements or activities
Giving large gifts, or objects of great sentimental value
Arrangements for care of pets
Designating a site for dying or extended care in serious illness
Pre-need arrangements or individual decisions for dealing with remains, choice of cemetery, markers, casket or memorial services.
Designating next of kin
Completing unfinished business in work, recreation, school, health setting; fulfilling expectations.
Quality of separation; saving good bye
Writing ones own epitaph or obituary
Visible interest in art form with prominent death themes; art, music, poverty, sculpture, dance etc.
Other:
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Health facilities often need to deal with the public information media who are seeking "hard news". These are often facts about special incidents involving violence. The self injury or death of a client is inherently newsworthy. The health setting has an obligation to protect the privacy of the client and its staff from intrusion into the treatment relation by all others. Some balance between the public's right to know and the client's need for confidentiality is possible. The following items of personal and public information should be considered for release. The danger of releasing too little information comes from the opportunities this creates for rumor, and jumping to conclusions.The advantage comes from the longer range goal of public confidence in the facility's credibility and quality of care.
Patient Identification:
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Direct Suicide:
Methods commonly used in a deliberate act of self injury in which the victim believes death will be achieved.
Indirect Suicide:
Slow acting, relatively less lethal, more compulsive behaviors that have a self damaging effect. The victim may acknowledge a wish for death, but denies the intention to kill him or her self.
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Clinical depression in adults:
The health professional is often presented with subjects who claim depression when it is not supported by clinical data. The opposite is equally true, those who deny depression when the behavior exhibited supports that diagnosis. The following list is a systems check which reminds the observer of all the possible manifestations of clinical depression.
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The course description consists of numbered paragraphs, title and content for each session of training. A day by day schedule is appended with sessions labeled by no and title. These are prepared for a one week format. Alternatively, the four day training can be spread over 12 weekly sessions using two hour meetings.
This introductory session will utilize colored slides of art work illustrating self injury themes over the last 2500 years for concepts of sin, crime, insanity and depression as deterrents. Abuse of the corpse, confiscation of property, stigmatization of memory and punishment of the soul were additional methods used to deter self injury behavior. Residuals of these western civilization orientations are still influential in current taboos. Alternative explanations for self injury motivations will be reviewed and a practical model for all professionals will be presented.
The suicidal problem deals with the wish to die, the acts of self injury, the vital outcome, suicide rates, risks of death, lethality of preferred methods, degrees of supervision. The problem of suicide addresses the explanation of the motivations for self injury; finding the necessary and sufficient cause of the suicidal behavior.
Suicidal deaths are not predictable at clinically meaningful decision points given current knowledge. However, people at greater risk of self caused death are identifiable by existing criteria such that significant prevention efforts can be employed to deter high risk people. Various psychological assessment tools are available for this purpose. These will be discussed. The lethality of preferred methods and suicide planning can also be assessed by clinical interviews such that appropriate prevention planning can occur for individuals, which would include degrees of supervision for degrees of risk and lethality. These are less costly than the more usual all-or none approaches.
Natural death in current medical practice will be reviewed for background in understanding violent death in America,e.g. suicide, homicide, and accidents. In the context of terminally ill patients, and suicide of the elderly, it is necessary for health professionals to differentiate efforts to achieve death with dignity from the clinically motivated behavior of some irrational people. Part of this discussion will define optimal roles in dealing with both kinds of behavior. Young and middle aged suicide will also be reviewed since their motives are different.
Suicide prevention is every employee's responsibility. No one health professional can prevent the suicide of a resident by solitary effort. Team work and continuity of care through long periods of time are necessary. Hospitals usually provide more support and care than the neighborhood or community at large. However, high risk people are often are misjudged, receive less or inappropriate professional attention. A list of optimal practices will be described that maximize prevention in any hospital setting. These range from suicide prevention committees to employee recognition for unusual efforts in prevention. Many of these are appropriate for educational institutions.
On the basis of known high risk factors associated with published suicide rates, it is possible to estimate an expected number of suicidal deaths given the number of residents with each high risk factor. From these the number of self injury incidents can also be estimated. These data provide a baseline for recognizing the amount of prevention actually accomplished by present efforts. Work sheets will be provided to demonstrate computation procedures.
The current practice is to focus on acute episodes. When a patient returns to a previous state, supervision tends to relax following the all-or-none model,i.e. one-on-one observation during acute stages and general care thereafter. This session will review more systematic efforts to prevent self injury behavior by group therapy, letter follow up, suicide prevention classes for high risk people in between suicide attempts, and cooperative development of unique prevention plans for each individual at high risk. Death education is an appropriate additional method for all students.
The right of individuals to commit and for professionals to prevent are current controversies that impede prevention while reflecting ambivalence in American culture towards the acts of self injury. Criteria will be described for respecting the rights of patients and staff. Optimal practices and current standards for reasonable care in preventing suicidal deaths will be reviewed. For students, through light to choose suicide is associated with death anxiety. For the elderly, this right is really a search for death with dignity which is possible through California's new "Right to die"legislation.
Factors inducing excessive personal distress in staff members following the occurrence of a self injury incident will be reviewed with the aid of a video cassette of four therapists whose patients' committed suicide during the course of intensive psychotherapy. These will model the feelings of any concerned professional when student or employee suicides occur.
Violence to the self is very closely related with violence towards others. Some victims are at greater risk for violence to themselves as well as others; in the community and in the hospital. This session will provide employees with an opportunity to review special issues of concern in providing a safe environment for everyone. The provider will respond to previously submitted questions and follow up with sufficient discussion. Student self violence often threatens faculty, advisors, and peers. This session will review appropriate tactics for the concerned professional.
One good practice is the availability of group meetings providing weekly classes to high risk people who are able to benefit from lecture discussion formats. The objective of these classes is to raise level of understanding with respect to the nature of death, and self injury behavior. Topics to be covered are the differences between the wish to die, the act of self injury and the finality of death outcomes. Additional topics are high risk and acute self injury behavior; preferred methods of self injury, the conflict between the wish to live and die; impact on other patients and family. The intent of these classes is to develop a suicide prevention plan with the cooperation of the individual such that he will be more likely to follow this.
Guidelines will be presented for staff members attempting to coordinate a psychological autopsy for self injury incidents, whether they end in death or continued life. The major purpose of these is to review with the involved staff the relevant behaviors that preceded the self injury incident with the assistance of a professional not directly involved and thus able to give a more objective perspective. The value of this is to identify oversights in assessment, and planning especially where the communications may have been obscured by other issues.
Small groups consisting of treatment teams or other functional relations will be scheduled towards the end of each training day with a specific assignment as indicated next. One person in each group will be designated as recorder to report any consensus that the group achieves.
Day #1 "Identify three signs of acute suicidal behavior in your area of competence.
Day #2 "Name one good practice appropriate for your area of responsibility in addition to the more general ones mentioned."
Day #3 "Describe one supportive good practice in the area where you work that can be adopted with respect to each employee who provides care for an acutely suicidal person."
Day #4 "List at least one continuing education topic for future training in suicide prevention, that would be optimal for you and your colleagues"
Following each small group meeting there will be a summation of findings with each recorder reporting the consensus found in their respective groups. The trainer will act as a facilitator in integrating these reports.
Suicide Prevention Training Schedule
| Day#1 | |
|---|---|
| 08:00 | #1 History (colored slides) |
| 09:45 | Break |
| 10:00 | #2 suicidal Problem and the Problem of Suicide |
| 11:45 | Lunch |
| 01:00 | #3 Assessment |
| 02:45 | Break |
| 03:00 | Small Group: "Three signs of acute suicidal behavior in your unit |
| 04:00 | Large Group Summation. |
| Day#2 | |
| 08:00 | #4 Death in the U.S. (colored slides) |
| 09:45 | Break |
| 10:00 | #5 Good practices in the hospital setting |
| 11:45 | Lunch |
| 01:00 | #6 Base rate computation |
| 02:45 | Break |
| 03:00 | Small Group: "One good practice for your treatment unit in addition to those mentioned." |
| 04:00 | Large Group Summation |
| Day#3 | |
| 08:00 | #7 Interventions: long and short range |
| 09:45 | Break |
| 10:00 | #8 Mal-practice practice allegations |
| 11:45 | Lunch |
| 01:00 | #9 Therapist Reactions to suicide (video) |
| 02:45 | Break |
| 03:00 | Small Group: "One supportive suggestion appropriate for your unit." |
| 04:00 | Large Group Summation |
| Day#4 | |
| 08:00 | #10 Management issues for the violent patient |
| 09:45 | Break |
| 10:00 | #11 Suicide Prevention Classes for the high risk patient |
| 11:45 | Lunch |
| 01:00 | #12 Psychological Autopsies (video) |
| 02:24 | Break |
| 03:00 | Small Group : "One follow up topic for continuing education in suicide prevention." |
| 03:45 | Large Group Summation |
| 04:30 | Evaluation and Post test |
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(Circle T for true or F for false)
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:_________
PART One.
1. Of any 10 persons who kill themselves, 8 have given some indication of their suicidal intentions.
T F
2. Individuals who attempt to injure themselves are acutely suicidal for limited time periods, only.
T F
3. Improvement following a suicidal crisis means that the self injury risk is over.
T F
4. Studies of hundreds of genuine suicide notes indicate that although the suicidal individual is extremely unhappy, he or she is not necessarily mentally ill.
T F
5. The most recent data reports approximately 27,000 suicidal deaths in the U S per year and slightly more than that many attempted suicide.
T F
6. At one time or another, almost everyone contemplates suicide.
T F
7. Most suicidal persons who die did not have mixed feelings about living or dying.
T F
8. Almost no one commits suicide without letting someone know about their intention, at least indirectly.
T F
9. All verbal indications of suicide intent should be taken seriously, even when actual lethality is minimal.
T F
10. Although suicide is second to accidents as the leading cause of death for teenagers, large percentages of both are facilitated by substance abuse.
T F
11. If one suspects that a person is thinking about suicide, asking about it may cause the person to commit suicide.
T F
Part Two
12. Blocking access to a preferred method of self injury is futile since the victim can always find something else equally lethal.
T F
13. Equally high risk people can vary widely in the degree of lethality associated with their planning and method.
T F
14. In the last ten years the increasing female suicide rates mean women attempt suicide as often as men in the U.S
T F
15. The self injury methods and planning used by females are more lethal than those by men
T F
16. Most people who die from self injury behavior may exhibit some element of impulsive or poorly planned actions.
T F
17. Given current knowledge there is no one necessary and sufficient cause of suicide.
T F
18. There is an "expected" number of self caused deaths each year in every treatment facility, based on high risk factors alone.
T F
19. A history of past suicidal attempts is sad but not useful in predicting future attempts.
T F
20. With enough psychological vulnerability such as mental illness, alcoholism, excess dependency, significant loss, etc, it becomes more difficult to achieve total prevention of high risk people from self injury behavior.
T F
21. High risk people, especially those in treatment, will not cooperate in developing a useful suicide prevention plan which spells out steps to take and resource people to call.
T F
22. The suicidal motivations of those under 35 is different from those over 35.
T F
23. People with two or more previous suicide attempts have the same risk of death as those with one prior self injury incident.
T F
24. Most victims of suicide in the US are mentally ill.
T F
25. Most people with clinical symptoms of depression are also acutely suicidal.
T F
26. All deaths by suicide have a clinically diagnosible depression.
T F
27. Potential victims usually take the "right" to kill themselves by simply acting on a self injury plan.
T F
28. Current malpractice and licensing laws require the health professional to attempt prevention if the victim is observed to engage in self injury behavior or planning.
T F
29. Alcohol or substance abuse facilitates self injury behavior in over half of the victims of suicide.
T F
30. Traditional suicide prevention strategies in western civilizations were based on sin, crime, and mental illness models of suicide.
T F
SCORE : _____________
NUMBER CORRECT DIVIDED BY 30 = PERCENT PASSED.
REMARKS:
Questions 1-11 taken from NIH Pub # 82-2308 Aug 1981. US Dept of Health & Human Services. Revised and updated in 1985
Questions 12-30 prepared by Fred Cutter,Ph.D. Based on information in The Suicide Prevention Triangle. Triangle Books Morro Bay, CA 93442 1983.
Answers to quiz on knowledge of suicide prevention
1. T 16. T 2. T 17. T 3. F 18. T 4. T 19. F 5. F 20. T 6. T 21. F 7. F 22. T 8. T 23. F 9. T 24. F 10. T 25. F 11. F 26. F 12. F 27. F 13. T 28. T 14. F 29. T 15. F 30. T
RAW SCORE: __________________ PERCENT PASSED: __________________
THE NUMBER CORRECT DIVIDED BY 30 = PERCENT PASSED
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TO : All unit, Service, and section chiefs
FROM : Chair Suicide Prevention Committee
SUBJECT : Awards and special recognition for effective management to prevent
suicidal behavior.
1. The committee of Suicide Prevention is recommending that an ongoing program of awards to hospital personnel be started as soon as practical in order to focus professional attention on earlier recognition and intervention in potential situations of violence to self in high risk patients.
2. The award process could start with nominations by records review of incidents or intervention procedures that represent good care in the judgment of the staff nominating a candidate. In medical care units, staff will review their choices with the immediate supervisor for coordination with medical staff. In psychiatry service, staff will seek consensus with their multidisciplinary teams and concurrence with the Chief of inpatient psychiatry.
3. Members of the committee would rate aspects of the care according to the criteria provided in the attachment. The outstanding nominee would be chosen to describe their incident in a conference, at which time an award would be presented. Frequency to be at least semi-annual.
4. Annual, awards would be made from those reviewed in the previous year. The deciding panel will be members of the whole committee.
5. Awards will utilize available options to be defined by this committee and will include a certificate of appreciation with appropriate notations in the person's personnel records.
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING NOMINATIONS FOR AN AWARD IN PREVENTION OF SELF INJURY BEHAVIOR
All employees are expected to participate in ongoing care of patients consistent with their assignments education and skill. The major criteria noted below are overlapping and represent continuing processes of good patient care, which are deemed appropriate for identifying commendable examples.
I The nominee demonstrates one or more of the following:
1. knowledge of the procedures mentioned in the Center policy for care and management of the suicidal patient;
2. participation in continuing education in the areas of suicide prevention as measured by last date of training documented for the unit, service, or individual being considered;
3. engages in ongoing study or research involving some aspect of injury to self;
4. shows knowledge of minimum lethal doses of common prescriptions or has easy access to this information (see page 48, Suicide Prevention Triangle, 1987);
5. is aware of negligence and malpractice standards in providing care for potentially suicidal patients;
6. is aware of predisposing, precipitating and high risk factors in suicidal behaviors;
7. other factors not mentioned above
II. The nominee uses one or more procedures listed below:
1. Efforts made to assess patient's risk of death by violence;
2. Efforts made to assess the degree of lethality in violence Planning;
3. Efforts made to assess patient's perspective regarding living and dying;
4. Review of previous history of patient with emphasis on parental health, alcoholism, or modeling for violence;
5. Reviews patient's relation to significant other with reference to self injury, death, violence, substance abuse, military difficulties, previous incarceration, and effect of earlier treatments;
6. Reviews interval history with respect to self since last treatment;
III. The nominee engages in one or more explicit prevention steps;
1. Invokes use of appropriate nursing status for acute states of potential self injuries;
2. records ongoing self injury incidents with sufficient attention to details; and includes all violence related behavior along with treatment procedures employed to prevent recurrence. Whenever possible includes comments about effectiveness whenever possible.
3. develops a suicide prevention procedure for a specific person as an explicit part of the treatment plan; a written copy is created for the patient's use and center records.
4. conducts one or more interviews with significant others about self injury incidents and documents in center records.
5. participates in conferences with appropriate staff with respect to recent incidents or potentials for violence, and makes explicit recommendations for prevention,
6. conducts exit interviewing with patient or significant other before discharge for information usable in longer term prevention plans (see guidelines page 50);
7. participates in follow-up planning and therapeutic contact including letters, after discharge from center treatment;
8. acts as a case manager and/or a therapist for high risk patients.
9. flags a patient's record in conformity with center policy in order to identify high risk patients after re-admission;
10. seeks staff consensus regarding self injury potential and notes this in the center records for that patient. 11. develops and records any follow up of treatment planning.
11. develops and records contacts with client for follow up of treatment planning.
IV. Direct encounters
1. Any incidents where individual staff members deterred, prevented or rescued an individual from self injury behavior, in the center, on the grounds or in the community are appropriate examples for nomination. Documentation should be sought from all sources such as police statements, reporters, or witnesses in addition to staff and should be made part of the nominating documentation.
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The three operations indicated above get blurred by the victims, the family and the health professional providing care. The distinctions given should be followed and emphasized in contacts with high risk people.
The wish to die is relatively universal, benign and much like any wish except for the social response it invokes. It is not monolithic. It varies in degree and duration, typically coming and going through the life time of most people, but especially those whose distress is continuing or increasing.
The act of self injury varies in degree of lethality (see below) Paradoxically there is no assurance that any one method will result in death
Lethality refers to the degree of self damage achieved in the past acts of self injury, or likely to occur in a future episode. Lethality is independent of, and uncorrelated with, the wish to die, in that strong wishes may be present with methods that have little probability of damage. It is also unrelated to the risk of future attempts.
The vital outcome, death or continued life, is not predictable, neither by the victim nor the professional. Death can occur accidentally, with minimum lethality. Continued survival is also possible even with high lethality. The moment of death cannot be experienced, and for the victim has no operational meaning. The nearest familiarity is the process of interruption: going to sleep or losing consciousness, from which one usually awakens.
Psychological cessation is the mental equivalent of termination and refers to the goal sought by the wish to die. Death has different meanings for each person and often varies with the stage of life achieved. The victim's orientation toward imminent death is projective, in that personal meanings are assigned. However, most people usually include the notion that the current awareness will cease, or at least change.
A person wishing to die now, is considered acute and requires immediate professional effort to deter an identified method of self injury.
After a victim is rescued or deterred from an attempt to achieve self injury, the person remains high risk for another episode over a long period measured in years.
Ambivalence describes the conflict of motives between the wish to die and the residual wish to continue living. When a person asserts the wish to die, elapsed time alone permits life wishes to deter action on death wishes. Ambivalence is a two way street deterring self injury during acute stages, but facilitating new efforts when least expected by the observer.
Distress or loss of hope describes the emotional state leading to an increased wish to die. It is related to object loss as in depression, but also to other frustrated expectations and implicit criteria of when death is preferable.
The base rate of expected suicidal deaths and suicidal attempts per year per treatment facility can be estimated from known rates of death associated with epidemiological factors. Such an expected number of deaths or injuries provides a measure of effective prevention when compared to the actual number occurring.
The suicide prevention plan is an explicit, written treatment plan prepared with the help of the patient while in between suicide attempts. It is filed in the health records for all staff to use. A copy should be given to the patient and the family as well. Weekly review, and necessary revisions should be accomplished as often as clinical observations suggest.
Suicide prevention classes are an intervention modality where patients who are high risk are oriented towards their own suicide wishes, preferred acts of self injury, and likely consequences to self and others. The classes neutralize the patient's over investment in the idea of suicide with some selective destigmatization of the taboos associated with "suicidal people". High risk, meanings of death, and ambivalence are also taught, with opportunities for working through of mixed feelings in these areas.
Letter follow up is a series of short letters sent to high risk people following a treatment where self injury was identified as a problem. It is intended as a long range, low cost-high gain extension of care for one or two years following discharge from a treatment facility.
Draw a person committing suicide is a variation on the familiar projective human figure drawing. The data elicited provides information about method, planning and previous experiences, but says nothing about if or when an act of self injury might occur.
Rorschach signs of suicide are specific to scoring and administration procedures generally taught as part of learning to use this test. A list of scores, or indices, are available which together have some value in identifying people with more wishes to die, or self injury intention.
Facts of self injury refer to the details of behavior which identify the suicidal incident; these are sometimes called the journalistic facts. The value of this information comes in assessing lethality of any one attempt, and the progression in two or more incidents. They are also helpful in devising a suicide prevention plan.
Last things refer to the details of disposition when someone dies. Given a prolonged dying process, individuals need to make "pre-need" arrangements in order to save their survivors from unnecessary distress at a time when they are most vulnerable to errors of judgment, and guilt. There is also a salutary value in reviewing the options and making choices which facilitate the quality of remaining life for the individual in a process known as coming-to-terms-with-death (Cutter, 1974, 1978).
Assessment scales are various psychological devices developed with the criteria of identifying victims likely to die from self injury behavior. The current state of knowledge does not permit a practical prediction. However, people at risk for attempting self injury can be identified effectively by the use of these same methods. A list of scales is given in the assessment chapter.
Psychological autopsy is a review of the events, and chronology of a suicidal death, with the people who knew the victim best, and the health care team. The process generates more information than the isolated fact finding that individuals acting alone accumulate. The group process also has teaching, research, and treatment values.
Minimum lethal dose of a prescription describes the amount of a medication reported in the scientific literature that has caused one or more deaths. Such information helps the prescribing physician keep the amount of medications to less than a lethal range, when filling a prescription. This information is also helpful in emergency situations where the names and approximate amounts of ingested pills are known.
Depression refers to a clinical syndrome in which the experienced distress takes a specific pattern of symptoms, and is itself a continuing or over reaction to the actual events, or losses. Feeling bad, discouraged, or apathetic especially over a short interval and following explicit events, is not a diagnosible depression. Health professionals should look for signs of the syndrome rather than accepting at face value the explicit statement "I am depressed".
Self destructive thinking refers to images and ideas, however These thoughts shape behavior into self fulfilling prophecies and predispose the victim to acting in a self injurious way.
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Sources listed here are intended to be all inclusive with the exceptions of material emphasizing administration of centers, philosophy, medicine, or theoretical research. The author would appreciate being advised of items overlooked or made available after the publication of this handbook.
3/4 Inch Video Cassettes and Film Strips
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SINCE 1983, the following videos, film strips and movies have become available. All are oriented towards youth and with exceptions can be purchased or rented in VHS, Beta or 3/4 inch Sony format. Only titles, length and further sources of further information are listed.
ON THE EDGE (30 min).
The Young Alberta FilmMakers, Suite 1602, 8830 - 85 St Edmonton Alberta
T63 3C3 Canada (403) 469-0922
SOS. RUNAWAYS & TEEN SUICIDES: CODED CRIES FOR HELP.
Loren Colman, Runaway Suicide Prevention Project, Univ of Souther Maine,
96 Falmouth St. Portland ME 04103 (207) 780-4430
SUICIDE: A TEENAGE DILEMMA (30 min)
Suicide Prevention Center, 1040 Menlo Ave. Los Angeles CA 90006 (213) 386-5111
PREVENTING TEEN SUICIDE: YOU CAN HELP
(Set of three film strips and sound tracks)
Sunburst Communications (see below)
DID JENNY HAVE TO DIE (45 Min)
Sunburst Communications (see below)
UNDERSTANDING SUICIDE (grades 5-9)
Sunburst Communications (see below)
SUICIDE: CAUSES & PREVENTION
Sunburst Communications (see below)
TEENAGE BLUES: COPING WITH DEPRESSION
(Three film strips and sound recordings)
Sunburst Communications (see below)
TEENS WHO CHOOSE LIFE (30 minutes)
Sunburst Communications, Room NU9, 29 Washington Ave,
Pleasantville NY 10570-2898
(800) 431-1934
TEEN SUICIDE (22 min)
Coronet (see below)
SUICIDE: THE WARNING SIGNS (24 min)
Coronet MTI Video,108 Wilmot, Deerfield IL 60015 (312)940-1260
TEENAGE SUICIDE: AN APPROACH TO PREVENTION (60 min)
LexCom Productions,2720 Sunset Blvd. West Columbia SC 29169 (803)791-2094.
TIME TO TALK
THE SAMARITANS OF ENGLAND
Simon Armson, The Samaritans, 17 Uxbridge Rd. Slough SL1 1SN, UK
THE INNER VOICE IN SUICIDE (35 MIN)
The Glendon Assoc. 249 Century Park East, Suite 3000, LA CA 90067 (213)
552-0431
URGENT MESSAGES (25 min). The Media Guild, 11722 Sorrento Valley Rd. Suite E, San Diego CA 92121-1021 (619) 755-9191
YOUTH IN CRISIS-TEENAGE SUICIDE (Two part series)
PART I. IDENTIFICATION & AWARENESS (55 min)
PART II. PREVENTION & INTERVENTION (45 min)
Personal Learning Institute PO Box 3905, Englewood CO 80155 (303) 779-5991
ADOLESCENT SUICIDE (39 min)
American Personnel & Guidance Association 2 Skyline Place #400,
5203 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church VA 22041
(703) 820-4700
REASON TO LIVE
Canadian Living PO Box 220,Oakville ONT L6J 5A2 Canada
A LAST CRY FOR HELP (32 min)
Simon & Schuster (see below)
Amy and the Angel (30 or 46 min versions)
Simon & Schuster (see below)
EVERYTHING TO LIVE FOR (24 min)
Simon & Schuster (see below)
HEAR ME CRY (30 min)
Simon & Schuster (see below)
IN LOVELAND (28 min)
Simon & Schuster (see below)
SUICIDE THE WARNING SIGNS (24 min)
Simon & Schuster
108 Wilmot Rd
Deerfield IL 60015
(312) 940-1260
BEFORE ITS TOO LATE (20 min)
Walt Disney Educ Media Co
500 S Buena Vista St
Burbank CA 91521
(818) 840-1000
HELP ME (25 min)
SL Film Productions
PO Box 41108
LA CA 90041
(213) 254-8528
INSIDE I ACHE (17 min)
Mass Media Ministries
2116 N Charles St
Balto MD 21218 (301) 727-3270
SUICIDE: IT DOESN'T HAVE TO HAPPEN (21 min)
BFA Educational Media
2211 Michigan Ave
Santa Monica CA 90404
SUICIDE: TEEN AGE CRISIS (10 min)
CRM/McGraw Hill Films
110 Fifteenth St
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Books Published Before 1938 on Suicide Prevention (with some merit for the serious student of suicidology)
Achille-Delmas: La Psychologie Pathologique du Suicide, Paris 1932.
Adams,J.B. An Essay Concerning Self Murther.London, T Bennett,1700
Alpy,Emmanuel. De la Repression du Suicide. Paris, A Rousseau, 1910.
Bayet,Albert. Le Suicide et la Morale. Paris,Libraire Felix Alcon,1922
Blondel: Le Suicide. Strassbourg 1933
Bonser,T.O. The Right To Die. London, Free Thought Pub.Co.1885
Brierre de Boismont,A. Du Suicide de la Folie du Suicide, Paris, G. Baillies 1865
Booth,Bramwell More Salvation Army War Dispatches (Our anti suicide Bureau, by Lt. Col Unsworth). London, Queen Victoria St.1907.
Burton, Robert Anatomy of Melancholia. London, Chatto & Windus, (1628), 1907.
Cavan, R. Suicide. New York: Russell & Russell, 1928.
De Quincey, T. On Suicide
Donne, J. Biothanatos. 1648.
Dumas,Jean. Traite du Suicide. Amsterdam, D.J.Changuion,1773
Dublin, L & Bunzel, B. To Be or Not To Be. 1933
Durkheim, E. Le Suicide.(1897) NY The Free Press, 1951
Des Etangs: Du Suicide politique en France. Paris 1860
Esquirol, J.Et.D. Sur le Monomanie Suicide. Paris, G. Baililere 1827
Fedden, H. R. Suicide: A social and Historical Study. London. Peter Davies. 1938.
Freud. S. Mourning and Melancholia (1917). Standard Edition, Complete Psychological Works Vol 14,(1965)
Garrison,Gaston. Le Suicide dan l'antiquite et dans les temps moderns. Paris, A. Rousseau,1885.
Geiger,K.A. Der Selbstmord im Klassischen Altertum. Augsburg, Lit. Inst.von Huttler,1888
Ghansamdas Malkani: Essay on Suicide. Calcutta 1924.
Halbwachs: Le Suicide. Paris 1929
Hey, Richard. Three dissertations on the pernicious effects of gaming on dueling & Suicide. Cambridge, J Hatchard, 1785
Holmes: Is suicide Justifiable? New York 1934
Hume, D. Essay on Suicide: Collected Essays. London, Basil James Decker 1777
Masaryk.TG. Suicide as a Social Mass Phenomenon. Wien. Carl Koneyen, 1881.
Merian: Memoir Sur Le Suicide. Berlin, Royal Academy of Science & Belles Letters,1763
Moreau de Tours: de la Contagion du suicide. Paris A Parent,1875
Moore, Charles. A Full Inquiry into the Subject of Suicide London, J.Rivington, 1790. Two Volumes.
Morselli,Enrico. Suicide: An essay on comparative moral statistics. London Keegan Paul & Co 1881
Rost,Hans. Bibliographie des Selbstmords. Augsburg. Lit Inst. Haas & Grabherr, 1927.
Stael-Holstein, Anne Germain de. Reflexions sur le Suicide. Berlin, Reisner,1813
Sym,John. Treatise concerning Life & Self Murder: Life's Preservative Against Self Killing.London, 1637
Szittya,Emil. Selbstmorder. Leipzig, Verlag C Weller & Co, 1925
Westcott,Wynn W. Suicide. London.H.K. Lewis.1885
Winslow, Forbes. The Anatomy of Suicide. London. Henry Renshaw1840
Wisse. Selbstmord und Todesfurcht bei den Naturvolkern. Zutphen 1933.
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Alvarez. A. The Savage God. NY Random House,1970.
Anderson,D. & McClean L. Identifying Suicide Potential. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1971.
Baechler, J. Suicides. NY Basic Books, 1979
Barrett, T. Youth in Crisis. Sopris Est Inc, 1120 Delaware Ave. Longmont CO 80501.
Bassuk, E.L. Schoonover, S.C. Gill, A. D. eds, Lifeline, NY Plenum Press, 1982, NY 10013-1578.
Battin, M. & Maris, R. Suicide & Ethics Guil 1985
Beck,A, Resnik, HLP, Lettieri, D. The Prediction of Suicide. Bowie. Charles Press. 1974
Berent, I. The Algebra of Suicide Human Sciences Press 1981
Berman, A. L. Suicide Prevention, Springer Publishing, NY NY 10012.
Bloom, L. Mourning After Suicide, Pilgrim Press, 198729004 N. Bay Rd, Rancho Plaos Verdes CA 90274.
Bluementahal, S. J. & Kupfer, D. J. eds, Suicide over the Life Cycle APA order dept. 1400 K St., Wash. DC 20005.
Bohannon, P. African homicide and Suicide. NY Atheneum 1967
Bolton, I. My Son My Son Bolton Press, Atlanta GA,1983
Bosselman, Beulah. Self Destruction: Springfield, Thomas, 1958
Britt, F.E. Felo De Se. NY Vantage Press.1969
Bush, J. Suicide and Blacks. LA, Charles Drew PG Med Sch.,1976
Cain, A. Survivors of Suicide. Springfield, Thomas, 1972
Camus, A. Myth of Sisyphus. NY: Knopf Vintage Books, 1955.
Chesser, E. Why Suicide? London: Arrow. 1968
Choron, J. Suicide. NY Scribner's 1972
Coleman, L. Suicide Clusters, Faber & Faber, 50 Cross St Winchester MA, 01890, 1987
Cull,J.G. & Gill,W.S. Manual for Suicide Probability Scale (SPS).LA,WPS, 1982
Cutter, F. Coming to terms with Death. Chicago, Nelson Hall 1974
Cutter, F. Art and The Wish to Die. Chicago Nelson Hall 1983
Cutter, F. Suicide Prevention Triangle. Triangle Books. Morro Bay, 93442, 280 Cypress Ave. 1983, 1987.
Danto, B, Jail House Blues: Orchard Lake; Epic Publications, 1973.
Diekstra R.W. & Hawton, K. Suicide in Adolescence 1987
Diekstra, R.W. et al, Suicide and its Prevention, E.J.Brill, Postbus 9000, 2300 PA Leiden, West Germany
Douglas, J. The Social Meanings of Suicide. Princeton Univ.Press. 1967.
Dublin, L. Suicide.NY Ronald Press, 1963
Ellis, E & Allen, G. Traitor within. Garden City, Doubleday, 1961
Farber, M. Theory of Suicide. NY Funk, & Wagnalls, 1968
Farberow, N.L. Bibliography on Suicide & Suicide Prevention.1897-1970. Rockville, MD. NIH-DHEW,#72-9080, 1972.
Farberow, N.L. Suicide in Different Cultures. Balto. Univ Park Press, 1975.
Farberow, N. L. The Many Faces of Suicide McGraw Hill 1980
Farberow, N L & Shneidman, E S The Cry for Help. NY McGraw-Hill, 1961
Faulk, T. Dying to Live, L.I.F.E. Productions, PO BOX 1189, Woodbury, CT 06798
Finch, S & Poznanski, E. Adolescent Suicide. Springfield, Thomas, 1974
Flescher, J Suicide: NY: DTRB Editions 1971
France, K. Crisi Intervention, C Thomas, Springfield IL.
Fremouw, W.J. & Ellis, M. Suicide Risk, 1990, Pergamon Press, NY.
Friedman, P. On Suicide. NY International Univ Press, 1967
Gernsbacher, L. The Suicide Syndrome Human Sciences 1985
Gibbs, J. Suicide. NY Harper & Row, 1968
Gibbs, J & Martin, W. Status Integration & Suicide. Eugene, Univ Of Oregon Press. 1964
Giddens, A The Sociology of Suicide. London Frank Cass. 1971
Giffen, M. & Felsenthal, C A Cry for Help. Doubleday & Co Inc NY, 1983
Giovaaccini, P. The Urge to Die (young people) Guilford 1986
Gordon, S. When Living hurts, Hebrew Congregations, NY.
Grollman, E. Suicide: Boston: Beacon Press. 1971
Hafen B.Q. & Frandsen, K. J. Youth Suicide Behavioral Health Associates, Provo PO Box 7527, UT 84602, 1986
Haim,A. Adolescent Suicide NY International Univ Press. 1969
Hare, C. Suicide Excepted Dover Books 1982
Hatton, C. et. al; Suicide Assessment & Intervention. NY Appleton Century Crofts. 1977
Hawton, K. Suicide and Attempted Suicide Among Children & Adolescents. Sage Publications Inc. NY 1986.Hendin, H Suicide in Scandinavia. NY Doubleday , 1964
Hendin, H. Black Suicide. NY Harper & Row. 1969
Hendin, H. Suicide in America W W Norton 1984
Henry, A. & Short, J. Suicide & Homicide. NY Free Press. 1954
Hewitt, J. After Suicide Westminster 1980
Hillman, J. Suicide and the Soul. NY Harper & Row, 1964
Hipple, J. & Cimbolic, P. The Counselor and the Suicidal Crisis.Springfield, Thomas, 1979
Hoff, L. People in Crisis, Addison Wesly Pub, Menlo Park, CA 94025.
Hoff, L. & Miller, N. Programs for People in Crisis. Custom Book Program, Northeastern Univ, 327 Huntington Ave, Boston MA 02115
Husain, S A & Vandiver, T Suicide in Children & Adolescents. Spectrum Publications, Jamaica NY, 1984
Hyde, M & Forsyth, E. Suicide: The Hidden Epidemic. NY F. Watts, 1978
Jacobs, J. Adolescent Suicide. NY Wiley, 1971.
Jacobs, J. The Moral Justification of Suicide Charles C Thomas 1982
Kiev, A. The Suicidal Patient Chicago, Nelson Hall. 1977
Klagsbrun, F. Too Young to die. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1976
Kobler, A & Stotland, E. The End of Hope. NY Free Press. 1954
Leonard, C. Understanding and Preventing Suicide. Springfield, Thomas, 1967.
Kastenbaum, R & Aisenberg, R. The psychology of death. NY. Springer,1972
Kreitman, N. Para suicide. NY Wiley, 1977
Lester, D. Why People Kill Themselves. Springfield, Thomas. 1972
Lester, G. & Lester, D. Suicide: The Gamble with Death Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall, 1971.
Linzer, N. The Will to live vs the Will to Die 1984
Mack, J. E. & Hicler, H. Vivienne, The life & Suicide of an Adolescent Girl. Wiley NY, 1981.
Madison, A Suicide and Young People. NY: seabury, 1978
Mainen, J. K. Teen Suicide Lerner Books 1986
Maris,R. Social Forces in Urban Suicide. Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1969.
Maris,R. The Biology of Suicide Guil 1986
Matsberg, J. T. The Practical Formulation of Suicide Risk N Y Univ Press
McCormick, D. The Unseen Killer. London, Fred Muller, 1964
McCulloch, JW. & Phillip, A.E. Suicidal Behavior. NY Pergamon Press.1972.
McElmeel, T. Grooming Your Child for Suicide. Credo Publications, West Stockbridge MA, 1980.
McIntire, M.A. & Angel, C. R. Suicide Attempts in Children & Youth. Harper & Row publishers, NY 1980.
McIntosh, J. Research on Suicide-A Bibliography Greenwood Press 1986
Meaker, M.J. Sudden Endings. NY, Doubleday, 1965
Meerloo, J. Suicide and Mass Suicide. NY Dutton, 1968
Menninger, K. Man Against Himself. NY: Harcourt, Brace & World.1938
Miller, M. Bibliographies On Suicide. San Diego, 1980
Miller, M. Suicide After Sixty. NY Springer, 1979
Miller, M. (ed) Suicide Intervention by Nurses. NY Springer, 1982.
Motto, J. et al. Standards for Suicide Prevention Centers.NY Human Science Press. 1974
Neuringer, C. Psychological Assessment of Suicidal Risk. Springfield, Thomas, 1974.
Niswander, G.D. et al. A panorama of Suicide. Springfield, Thomas.1974.
Osgood, N. J. & McIntosh, J.L. Suicide and the Elderly Greenwood 1986
Pabst Battin, M. Ethical Issues in Suicide 1982
Parker,A.M. Suicide among young Adults. NY Exposition Press. 1974
Pearson, L & Portilo, R. Separate Paths. NY Harper & Row, 1977
Peck, M.L. Farberow, N.L. & Litman, R. E. Springer NY 1985
Perlin, S. A Handbook for the Study of Suicide. NY Oxford Univ Press.1975.
Pfeffer, C. The Suicidal Child Guilford Press NY 1986
Polly, J. Preventing Teenage Suicide Human Sciences Press 1986
Ponier, J. Suicide & the Right to Die Fortress 1985
Portwood, D. Commonsense Suicide: NY:Dodd Mead, 1978.
Pretzel, P. Understanding and Counselling the Suicidal Person. Nashville: Abingdon, Press. 1972
Rabkin,B. Growing Up Dead. Nashville, Abingdon Press.1979
Resnik, HLP, Suicidal Behaviors: Boston: Little Brown Press, 1968.
Rettersol, N. Long Term Prognosis after attempted Suicide. Springfield, Thomas, 1970
Reynolds, D. & Farberow, NL Suicide: Inside & Out. Berkeley, UC Press.1976
Richman, J. Family Therapy for Suicidal Patients. Springer Publishing Co. NY,1986
Romi, Suicide. Paris, Serge, 1964.
Savage, M. Addicted to Suicide. Santa Barbara, Capra Press.1975.
Sainsbury, P. Suicide in London. London, Chapman & Hall. 1958
Seward, J. Hara Kiri. Rutland, Tuttle, 1968
Sharlin, S. & Shenar, E. American Foster Care Resources, Inc. PO Box 271, King George VA 22485, 1987
Shneidman, E.S. Essays in Self Destruction. NY Science House. 1967.
Shneidman, E.S. On the Nature of Suicide. San Francisco, Jossey Bass.1969.
Shneidman, E.S. Suicidology: NY Grune & Stratton. 1976
Shneidman, E.S. Suicide: Thoughts and Reflections (1966-1980).
Special Issue, Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior,11,4. 1981.
Shneidman, E.S. Definition of Suicide. John Wiley & Sons, 1985
Shneidman, E.S. & Farberow, N.L. Clues to Suicide. NY McGraw Hill, 1957.
Shneidman, E.S. Farberow, N.L. Littman, R.The Psychology of Suicide. NY Science House, 1970
Soubrier J.P. & Vedrinne E.S. Depression & Suicide Pergamon Press 1983
Sprott, S.E. The English Debate on Suicide. La Salle: Open Court, 1961
Steele, W. Preventing Teen Suicide. Ann Arbor Publishers, 1983.
Stern D. The Suicide Academy. NY McGraw Hill 1968
Stengel, E. Suicide and Attempted Suicide. Balt. Penguin Books, 1964
Stone, H. Suicide and Grief. Philadelphia, Fortress Press. 1972
Sudak, H. S. et al (eds) Suicide in the Young. John Wright, Littleton MA 1984.
Tabachnick, N. Accident or Suicide? Springfield, Thomas, 1973
Tombs, P. Suicidal Behavior. NY Carlton 1970
Varah, C. The Samaritans. NY Macmillan, 1965
Von Andics, M. Suicide and the Meaning of Life. London, W. Hodge, 1947
Wallace, S. After Suicide. NY Wiley, 1973
Wallace, S. & Eser, A Suicide & Euthanasia 1981 Univ of Tenn
Wechsler, J. In a Darkness. NY. WW Norton, 1972
Weisman, A. D. The Realization of Death. J Aronson, NY 1974
Weisman, A. D. & Kastenbaum, R. The Psychological Autopsy. NY: Behavioral Publications. 1972
Wekstein, L. Handbook of Suicidology. Brunner Mazel Inc, NY 1979
Wells, Self Destructive Behavior in Children Van Nostrand
West, D. Murder Followed by Suicide. Cambridge, Harvard U Press. 1966
Wolman, B. Between Survival and Suicide. NY Gardner Press, 1976
Zusman, J & Davidson, D. Organizing the Community to Prevent Suicide.Springfield, Thomas, 1971.
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American Psychiatric Association Facts about Teen Age Suicide Washington DC 20005, 1985
Anon. Better Suicide Prevention Plans Urged for Juvenile Facilities Crim Justice Newsletter Feb 1985,4-6. Anon. Suicide on the inside Human Behavior 1976,73.
Anson, R H Inmate Ethnicity & the suicide connection The Prison Journal 63 (1) 1983,91-99
Anson, R H & Cole J N Inmate Suicide: ethnic adaptations etc. Justice Quarterly 1(4),1984,563-567.
Albert,G. Former,A. Masih, L. Attacking the college suicide problem Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 6(l),70-78, winter 1973.
Bacon, S. The process of addiction to alcohol Quart. J. Studies Alcohol 34, 1973,1-27.
Battin, M. P. On the relation between suicide prevention and suicide advocacy groups. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 12 (4), 1982, 254-260.
Barraclough, B. Suicide and Epilepsy. In E. Reynolds & M. Trimble (Eds) Epilepsy and Psychiatry. Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone, 1981.
Beal, L. The dynamics of suicide: A review of the literature 1897-1965. Bulletin of Suicidology. 2-17, Mar. 1969.
Beck, A.T.Depression: Causes and Treatment. The Univ of Penna, Philadelphia, 1970. (Originally published as Depression: Clinical, Experimental, & Theoretical Aspects. Harper & Row, 1967. Beck,R.W. Morris, J.W., Beck,A.T. Cross validation of the suicide intent scale. Psychological Reports. 1979, 34,445-446.
Beck,A.T. Kovacs,M., Weissman, A. Hopelessness, and suicidal behavior: An overview. JAMA, 1975, 234 (11),1146-1149.
Beck, A.T. Kovacs, M., Weissman,A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the scale for suicidal ideation. J. Consult & Clin Psychol. 1979, 47, 343-352.
Beck,A.T. Resnik, H.L.P. & Lettieri, D. The Prediction of Suicide. Bowie: Charles Press, 1974. Beck,A.T. Weissman, A. Lester, D. L. Trexler, L. The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. J. Consulting & Clinical Psycho. 1974, 42, 861-865.
Bell, A P & Weinberg, M S Homosexualities.NY Simon & Schuster, 1978.
Berman, A. L.& Cohen-Sandler, R. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior,1982,12,(2),114-122.
Billings, J.H. Rosen, D.H., Asimos,A.B., & Motto, J.A. Observations (on long term group therapy with suicidal and depressed persons. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, !97414,(Z), 160-172.
Blachly, P. H. Can organ transplantation provide an altruistic expiatory alternative to suicide? Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 1(1),1971, 5-9.
Boor, M. Relationship of internal-external control and US Suicide rates 1966-1973. 1976.
Bradley J R An Epidemiological study of criminal antecedents in suicides. Thesis UC Davis, 1979, 66 pp (microfiche HV 6548 U52S22 1979)
Brent, D.A. Over representation of epileptics in a consecutive series of suicide attempters seen at children's hospital 1978 - 1983. J Amer Acad Child Psychiatry, 25(2),242-246.
Bromberg, S & Cassell, C K Suicide in the elderly Journal American Geriatric Society 31(11) 1983,698-703.
Bruyn, H. & Seiden, R. Student suicide: fact or fiction. Journal American College Health Association, 14 (1965), 69-77.
Bukberg, J., Penman,D. & Holland, J C Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatic Medicine 46(3),1984,199-212.
Bunch,J., & Barraclough, B. The influence of parental death aniversaries upon suicide dates. British Journal Psychiatry. 1971, 118, 621-626.
Burns, D. Feeling Good NY Wm Morrow & Co. 1980, 40-41.
Burtsch, B. E. & Ericson, R. V. The silent system. Annotated Bibliography. University of Toronto, Center of Criminology. 1979, 113p.
Burtsch, B. E. Suicide in Prison. Intn'l J._ Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology. 25(2) 1981, 187-188.
Bush, J.A. Similarities and differences in precipitating events between black and anglo suicide attempts. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior
Carmen, L. R. & Blaine, G.B. A study of suicide attempts by male and female university students.
Center for disease, control Youth Suicide in the US 1970-1980. Dept HSS, Atlanta GA 3OO33 Nov 1986 181-198.
Chynoweth, R Tonge, J. I. & Armstrong, J. Suicide in Brisbane. Australia & New Zealand J Psychiatry 14(4) 198O,37-45.
Clark, M. A. & Campagnari, K. D. The major causative role of ethanol and the minor role of other drugs in the deaths of military personnel in San Diego County, California. Military Medicine 150,1985,487-91.
Climent, C. E. & Ervin, F. R. Historical data in the evaluation of violent behavior. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27, 1972,621-624.
Climent, C. E. Plutchik, R. Ervin, F. R. & Rollins, A. Parental loss, depression violence III Acta Psychiatry Scandinavia 55(4),1977, 261-268.
Copeland, A. R. Deaths in custody revisited. Amer J Forensic Med & Path. 5(2), 1984,121-124.
Cox, V. C. & Paulus, P. B. & McCain, G. Prison crowding research Amer Psychologist 39 (10)1984,1148-60.
Craig, L.E. & Senter, R.S. Students thoughts about suicide the Psychological Record. 1972, 22, 355-358.
Cull,J.G. & Gill,W.S. Manual for the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS). Los Angeles, Western Psychological Services, 1982.
Curphey,J. The role of the social scientist in medico legal certification of death from suicide. In The Cry for help.
Cutter, F. Patient led discussion groups. Mental Hygiene, Oct 1960,44 (4),545-550.
Cutter, F. Jorgenson, M. Farberow, N.L. & Ganzler,S Ratings of intention in suicidal behavior. VA Newsletter for Research May 1968, X(2),36-37.
Cutter, F. Jorgensen, M. Farberow, N.L. Replicability of Rorschach signs with known degrees of suicidal intent. Journal of Projective Techniques & Personality Assessment.1968, 32, 428-434.
Cutter, F., Suicide: The Vlish, The Act, And The outcome. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 1971,20, 125-137.
Cutter, F. Coming to Terms with Death Chicago, Nelson-Hall Co 1974, (paperback 1978).
Cutter, F. Suicide Prevention Classes for high risk patients. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Association of Suicidology, Boston, Mass.
Cutter, F. Art and the Wish to Die. Chicago; Nelson Hall 1983.
Cutter, F. The Prediction Problem:some alternatives. Paper presented at the combined AAS/IASF, meeting San Francisco CA 5/27/87.
Cutter, F The Suicide Prevention Triangle Triangle Books, Morro Bay CA 1991.
Daston, P.G. & Sackheim, G.A. Prediction of successful suicide from the rorschach test. Journal Projective Techniques 1960, 24,355-361.
Davis, R. Black suicide and the relational system Univ of Wisconsin, Madison WI. Institute for Research in Poverty. #181-78. 1978, 34pp.
Davis, R. Black suicide in the seventies. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior 9(3),131-140, 1979.
Davis, R. A. Demographic analysis of suicide among black males. (microfiche ed 182396) The black male in America Conference. Washington DC 1979.
Daytel, W. E. & Jones, F. D. Suicide in US Army Personnel 19791980. Military Medicine 147,843-47, 1982.
Deheer, N. D. & Schweitzer, H. S. Suicide in jail. Corrective & Social Psychiatry 31(3) 1985,71-76.
Denoon, K. S. BC Corrections: a study of suicide 1970-80. Victoria BC Ministry of Attorney General, Corrections Branch Dec 1983 163p.
Dominian, J. Suicide rates following divorce. Samaritan,1976,19(11).
Domino, G. Gibson, L. Poling, S. & Westlake, L. Students attitudes towards Suicide. Social Psychiatry 15,127-130, 1980.
Donahue, D. G. & Chavern, H. E. Suicide prevention at the county jail. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 50(4)1981,22-24.
Dorpat, T. Jackson, J. Ripley, H. Broken homes and attempted and completed suicide. Archives General Psychiatry, 1965, 12,213-6.
Dorpat, T. Suicide Loss and Mourning, Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior 1973, 3(3)213-224.
Editorial. Suicide in Epilepsy. Brit Med Journal 281:530,Aug 23, 1980.
Ericson, E.H. Identity, Youth & Crisis. NY WW Norton,1968,119-140. Euthanasia Foundation, 250 W 57th 3t NY 10019.
Exner, J.E. The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (Vol.II)Chapter 7,201-210. New York; Wiley, NY,1978.
Farnsworth, D.L. Psychiatry education and the young adult. Springfield Ill. C C Thomas 1966.
Farberow, N. L. Shneidman, E. S. & Leonard, C Suicide among general medical surgical hospital patients with malignant neoplasms. Med Bull 49, Veterans Administration, Washington DC 1963.
Farberow, Bibliography of Suicide & Suicide Prevention NIMH, Rockville, Md 20852 DHEW No 72-9080, 1972.
Farberow, N.L. & Mackinnon, D. A suicide prediction schedule for neuropsychiatric hospital patients. J Nervous Mental Diseases 1974,158(6),408-419.
Farberow,N.L.& MacKinnon,D. Prediction of Suicide:A replication study. Journal Personality Assessment 1975, Z9, 497-501.
Farberow, N. L. Editor, The many faces of suicide NY McGraw HillCo, 1980.
Farbarow, N. L. & Williams, R. The status of suicide in the VA.VI 1982, unpublished report.
Farberow, N.L. Suicide prevention in the hospital. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 1981,Z2,(2),99-104.
Flaherty, M. G. The national incidence of juvenile suicide in adult jails & juvenile detention centers. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior 13(2) 1983, 85-94.
Fox, R. Personal Communication, 1977
Frazer,H The female suicide victim. Amer J Forensic Medicine and Pathology. d6(4),1985,305-311
Freud, S. Mourning and Melancholia in Standard edition of the complete psychological works, vol 14,1965.
Ganzler, S. The future orientation of the suicidal person. Unpublished dissertation, Univ Calif.Los Angelas,1963.
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